The Scientist Help Sheep Dies

Keith Campbell, a prominent biologist who worked on cloning Dolly the sheep, died at 58, the University of Nottingham said Thursday. Campbell, who had worked on animal improvement and cloning since 1999, died October 5, 2012, University spokesman Tim Utton said. He did not specify the cause, only saying that Campbell had worked at the university until his death.

He began researching animal cloning at the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh in 1991. In 1996 the experiments led to the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell.

The sheep was named after the voluptuous singer Dolly Parton. Researchers at the time said that the sheep was created from a mammary gland cell, and that Parton offered an excellent example.

The creation of the sheep captured the public imagination and instantly became a scientific sensation. The experiments drew not only admiration but also anger from some who raised questions about the ethics of cloning. Animal rights activists were outraged, while the church of England expressed reservations. Dolly was put down in 2003 after she developed a lung disease. Campbell's interest in cellular growth dated back to his college days studying microbiology in London.

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Higher Education for Women

In this modern era, there are still some parents who are reluctant about sending their daughters to college. The narrow attitude shown to women's education is largely due to the traditional role of women in society. A woman is expected to be a wife and a mother. Most parents believe that if their daughter gets married and chooses to be a housewife, then the higher education will be a waste. However, an educated woman is not only a better wife but also contributes something to the society.

Nowadays, more and more women are successfully combining their career and marriage. Educated women are richer both emotionally and financially. They are able to find an outlet for their monotonous drudgery of their housekeeping. They bring more satisfaction and contentment to their lives.

Depriving girls of higher education is crass discrimination. Times have changed; modern society needs the talents of its people regardless of gender. Today, women work alongside men. In fact, in the last few decades, women have made outstanding contributions to society.
Women should be given the freedom to be educated whether or not they get married or go to work after finishing their education, because it is only through education that a woman will find herself useful and discover what she wants in life. A woman who works is not an insult to her husband. Conversely, her husband should feel proud of her achievements since marriage is actually an equal partnership.
Therefore, parents should not think that girls should receive less education just because they will get married one day.

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Adoption

Adoption is the process by which people take a child who was not born to them and raise him or her as a member of their family. By law, adopted children differ from foster children. An adopted child has all the legal rights of a member of the family that raises him or her. A foster child does not.

Parents place their children up for adoptions for many reasons. Some parents feel they cannot adequately care for their off springs because of health or economic conditions. Some others, especially unwed parent, may not want to raise a child.

But there are couples who cannot have children of their own. Adoption gives them opportunity to raise a family. They can get one from an adoption agency if they have all the requirements asked.

State laws prohibit adoption agencies from revealing the identity of the natural parents to the adoptive parents. These laws also forbid agencies from disclosing the identity of the adoptive parents to the natural parents. In some states, the law permits adopted persons who are at least 18 years old to see their birth certificates including the natural parents' names.

On the contrary, many adopted people worked to change the laws. They argue that people have a right to know their identity. They said that keeping secret their adoptions records violate their right.

On the other hand, many people feel adoption records should be kept secret. If not, natural parents might change their minds years later and take the child away from the parents who raised him or her.

Some experts advise that a child should know of the adoptions by the age of 6 or 7. Surveys have shown that most adopted children develop normally.

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Let's Make the City Clean and Fresh

A clean and fresh city will surely make the inhabitants healthy. Every morning especially in dry season, all roads must be watered with clean water and swept by the workers of regional government under the mayor's instruction.

To protect people from heavy pollution caused by cars, trucks and motorcycles, enough trees must be planted along the roads. Every building or house in the city must be surrounded by short and small trees which bear colorful flowers.

Bad and improper habits which cause disadvantages, such as smoking and throwing rubbish anywhere should be stopped at once.

The city mayor will have to think over the way to educate people, so they realize how important cleanliness and health are. More public lavatories are badly needed.

It will be wise if the city mayor decides a certain amount of fine to be paid by those who break the government regulation on cleanliness matter, For example, a man who urinates not at a lavatory, smokes not at a smoking room or throws rubbish at the roads should be fined. Besides dirtying the environment with cigarettes' butts, smoking will also cause pollution and bad lung diseases to other people.
So, bad habits and impolite attitude should be immediately stopped, otherwise the city will be dirty, unhealthy, badly polluted and will never attract foreign and domestic tourists as well.

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The Rabbit's Revenge

Long, long ago a rabbit and a lion were neighbors. The lion was very proud, and was fond of boasting about his strength. And though they were such close neighbors, the lion looked down upon the rabbit, and used to bully and frighten her. Finally, the rabbit could stand it no longer and wanted to get her own back.

One day she went to the lion and said, "Good day, respected elder brother. Imagine it, I met an animal over there who looked exactly like you, and he said to me, Is there anyone in the world who dares stand up to me? If there is, let him come and have a duel with me. If there is no one, all of you have to submit to my rule and be my servants!". "Oh, he was an intolerable braggart! He is so puffed up with pride that his eyes can't even light on anyone!", added the rabbit.

"Oho," the lion said. "Didn't you mention me to him?"
"Yes, indeed," the rabbit replied. "But it would have been better if I hadn't. When I described how strong you were, he just sneered and said dreadfully rude things: He even went so far as to say that he wouldn't take you for his attendant!"
The lion flew into a rage and roared, "Where is he? Where is he?"

So the rabbit took the lion behind a hill and, not going too near herself, pointed to a deep well from a distance, and said, "He is down there, in the well."

The lion hastened to the well and glared angrily into it. Yes, there was his rival who even glared back at him angrily. The lion roared, and his enemy roared back. The lion became so furious that his hair stood on end. So did his enemy's in the well. The lion showed his teeth and lashed out with his paws to' scare his rival. and his enemy in the well retaliated! In a fit of anger the lion sprang into the air with all his might and then flung himself at the enemy in the well. The result was that the proud lion was instantly drowned. .

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How Chocolate is made?

Have we wondered how we get chocolate from? Well this time we will enter the amazing world of chocolate so we can understand exactly how chocolate is made.

Chocolate is taken from a tree called cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in places such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. Inside the fruits are the tree's seeds. They are also known as coco beans.

Next, the beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun. After that they are shipped to the chocolate maker. The chocolate makers work by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. The beans from different places have different qualities and flavour. So they are often sorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix.

The next process is winnowing. The roasted beans are winnowed to remove the meat nib of cacao bean from its shell. Then the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are grinds to make liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter.

All seeds contain some amount of fat and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat. It is pure bitter chocolate.

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House Husbands' Heart Risk

Most people assume that life in the rat race is bad for your health. But reversing the traditional gender roles, being a house husband is a stressful business, according to the latest research by American scientists. By giving up their jobs in order to become house husbands, men increase their risk of heart attack or coronary disease by as much as 82%, according to research based on 10 year study of 2.500 people in Boston, USA.

According to Dr Elaine Eaker,.the key to the problem is that some men became stressed about performing a role not traditionally assign to them by society. Men who stay at home tend not to have the same levels of support from friends and family as women do the same.

Jack O'Sullivan, of the Fathers Direct group, was quoted as saying: "Society expects the main career should be a woman and society is structured around that. Day care is called mother and toddler groups and some men feel awkward about belonging to those groups.

Professor Gary Cooper, a psychologist at the University of Manchester, said many men tend to underestimate the task of caring for a family. He said 'Most men think being a house husband involves putting on a bit of washing, taking the kids to school and then putting their feet up with a cup of coffee.

They are crazy. Most men are not used to performing a variety of activities simultaneously - the kind of multi-tasking which is second nature to most women.'

It is estimated that men have taken over the main homemakers role in one in seven homes, as increasing numbers of women become the main breadwinner. The study also found that women in high-powered jobs were more likely to develop heart disease than those in more junior positions.

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Irrigation

Irrigation is watering of land by artificial methods. It provides water for growth in areas that have long periods of little or no rainfall. The water used for irrigation is taken lakes, rivers, streams, and wells.

In the mid - 1980’s, about 220 million hectares of land were under irrigation through out the world’s driest continent.

 The amount of water needed for farming varies with the type of crop and the climate. For example, rice requires more water than cotton. Wheat grows in a warm climate needs more water than wheat that grows in cool climate. Any form land must receive enough water to allow both for plants growth and for the evaporation of water from the soil.

In some countries, more water is used for irrigation than for any other purposes. Water conservation and irrigation schemes may be vitally important to a country’s food and agricultural production. As the world is.

Population grows, the demand for water increase steadily. More and more people need water in their homes, and industry must have additional water as production rises.

Irrigation requires large supplies of fresh water. The two main sources of fresh water are surface water and ground water. Surface water is water on the surface of the earth such as in streams, rivers, and lakes. Ground water is stored banners the earth’s surface in spaces between rocks, grains of sand, and other substances, in soil.

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The Western alphabet

The Western alphabet, which is used in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Australia and New Zealand as well as in other countries, originated in the Middle East. The people who gave the world this alphabet were the Phoenicians, a people who established colonies all over the Mediterranean, including Carthage in Africa and Gades in Spain. In their alphabet, the letters were represented by little pictures which represented sounds. The Phoenician A was aleph, which means "bull". and it was made from a little picture of a bull's head. The letter B was beth which meant "house", and showed the round-roofed buildings which you can still see today in Syria.

The Phoenicians had contact with another nation of sailors, the Greeks, with whom they fought and traded. The Greeks also started to use the Phoenician alphabet. They changed the names so aleph and beth became alpha and beta. The shapes of the letters are the same but they have been turned sideways. Of course, the first two letters of the alphabet give it its name. Over the years there have been changes. Latin developed an alphabet with some different letters to the Greeks, and other letters have been added since. But really westerners are using the same system of writing which has served them so well for thousands of years.

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Alternative medicine

         Alternative medicine is, by definition, an alternative to something else: modern, Western medicine. But the term ‘alternative’ can be misleading, even off-putting for some people. Few practitioners of homeopathy, acupuncture, herbalism and the like regard their therapies as complete substitutes for modern medicine. Rather, they consider their disciplines as supplementary to orthodox medicine. The problem is that many doctors refuse even to recognize ‘natural’ or alternative medicine, to do so calls for a radically different view of health, illness and cure. But whatever doctors may think, the demand for alternative forms of medical therapy is stronger than ever before, as the limitations of modern medical science become more widely understood.

         Alternative therapies are often dismissed by orthodox medicine because they are sometimes administered by people with no formal medical training. But, in comparison with many traditional therapies, western medicine as we know it today is a very recent phenomenon. Until only 150 years ago, herbal medicine and simple inorganic compounds were the most effective treatments available. Despite the medical establishment’s intolerant attitude, alternative therapies are being accepted by more and more doctors, and the World Health Organization has agreed to promote the integration of proven, valuable, ‘alternative’ knowledge and skills in western medicine

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How a Volcano Really Works

     As it rises, the pressure of the rock around and above it becomes less and less. At a certain point, that pressure drops so low that it cannot keep the rock balloon solid any more. The balloon melts. It becomes an underground liquid that we call magma - a liquid imprisoned in an underground chamber of the solid rock around it.

       Ordinary steam, heated to only 212° f  (100 °C), can drive a locomotive. Now try to imagine the power of super-steam, heated to 3000°F (nearly 2000 °C).

       Early explanations for the awesome power of volcanoes involved stories of gods and giants. But today we have a much better idea of what makes a volcano erupt.

       Magma is more than a liquid rock. It also contains gas. Most of the gas is super hot steam - super-steam heated to thousands of degrees, steam so hot that it glows. Other gases include carbon dioxide (the gas that makes the bubbles in soft drinks,) and gases containing sulphur. But the main gas is super-steam. And now that the balloon is liquid, the super-steam can escape.

       The super-steam and other gases bubble out from the magma. Pressure builds up in the magma chamber. enormous amounts of pressure. Something has to give. A weak area of rock in the ground cracks or a plug in the mouth of the volcano gives way. The magma explodes out into the air. The volcano is erupting.

       Deep in the Earth, a region of very hot rock starts to rise. It is as hot as lava, but it is not yet a liquid. The gigantic pressure of the Earth all around it keeps it solid. Nevertheless, it slowly pushes its way up through  the slightly  cooler rock around it. It is a balloon of solid rock, lifting up slower than a snail's pace toward the earth surface.

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